ConfBias as Barrier for EIP

Download data

library(tidyverse)
source("https://soscisurvey.ph-karlsruhe.de/forschungsergebnisse/?act=q2BP61GjDxXUMAqLlSN1H0Sy&rScript")  

ds <- ds |> 
  filter(lubridate::ymd_hms(STARTED) > lubridate::ymd_hms("2023-07-12 16:00:00")) |> 
  as_tibble()

Design

Gruppe 1 Gruppe 2
Abfrage von zukünftigem Handeln, Überzeugung & Sicherheit der Überzeugung Abfrage von zukünftigem Handeln, Überzeugung & Sicherheit der Überzeugung
Überzeugungskonformes Studienergebnis Überzeungswidriges Studienergebnis
Abfrage von zukünftigem Handeln, Überzeugung & Sicherheit der Überzeugung Abfrage von zukünftigem Handeln, Überzeugung & Sicherheit der Überzeugung
Soziodemographie Soziodemographie

Result A

Schweitzer & May (2019) sind in einem bildungswissenschaftlichen Experiment mit Lehrkräften der Frage nachgegangen, ob das generische Maskulinum, also die Verwendung der männlichen Form eines Begriffs (z. B. Schüler), eher zu einer Nennung von männlichen Vornamen führt als die Verwendung der weiblichen und männlichen Form eines Begriffs (z. B. Schülerinnen und Schüler). Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden zufällig zwei Gruppen mit jeweils 179 Lehrkräften gebildet. Die eine Gruppe wurde gebeten, „die Vornamen ihrer vier leistungsstärksten Schüler im Mathematikunterricht” und die andere Gruppe „die Vornamen ihrer vier leistungsstärksten Schülerinnen und Schüler im Mathematikunterricht” zu benennen.

Das Ergebnis: Diejenigen Lehrkräfte, die nach den Vornamen ihrer leistungsstärksten ‚Schüler’ im Mathematikunterricht gefragt wurden, nannten im Durchschnitt mehr männliche als weibliche Vornamen als diejenigen, die nach ihren leistungsstärksten ‚Schülerinnen und Schülern’ gefragt wurden.

Result B

Schweitzer & May (2019) sind in einem bildungswissenschaftlichen Experiment mit Lehrkräften der Frage nachgegangen, ob das generische Maskulinum, also die Verwendung der männlichen Form eines Begriffs (z. B. Schüler), eher zu einer Nennung von männlichen Vornamen führt als die Verwendung der weiblichen und männlichen Form eines Begriffs (z. B. Schülerinnen und Schüler). Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden zufällig zwei Gruppen mit jeweils 179 Lehrkräften gebildet. Die eine Gruppe wurde gebeten, „die Vornamen ihrer vier leistungsstärksten Schüler im Mathematikunterricht” und die andere Gruppe „die Vornamen ihrer vier leistungsstärksten Schülerinnen und Schüler im Mathematikunterricht” zu benennen.

Das Ergebnis: Diejenigen Lehrkräfte, die nach den Vornamen ihrer leistungsstärksten ‚Schüler’ im Mathematikunterricht gefragt wurden, nannten im Durchschnitt gleich viele männliche und weibliche Vornamen wie diejenigen, die nach ihren leistungsstärksten ‚Schülerinnen und Schülern’ gefragt wurden.

Forschungsfragen:

  • Zeigen Pbdn Belief-Updating (in Richtung und Stärke)

  • Zeigen Pbdn Handlungstendenz-Updating (in Richtung und Stärke)

  • Wirkt sich die Belief-Evidenz-Kongruenz auf die Bewertung der Studienqualität aus

  • Interagiert das Beliefupdating mit der Kongruenz der Beliefs

  • Interagiert das Handlungstendenz-Updating mit der Kongruenz der Beliefs

Variablen

 data <- 
   ds |> 
  mutate(Gruppe = ifelse(DU06 == 1, "Ü_konsistent", "Ü_widrig"),
         Group = ifelse(DU06 == 1, "Ü_konsistent", "Ü_widrig"),
         
         Belief_pre = DU03,
         Belief_pre_short = substr(DU03, 1, 15),
         Belief_pre_n = as.numeric(DU03) - 1,
         
         Belief_strength_pre = ifelse(is.na(DU08), as.numeric(DU10), as.numeric(DU08)),
         Decision_pre = as.numeric(DU09),
         
         Belief_post = DU12,
         Belief_post_short = substr(DU12, 1, 15),
         Belief_post_n = as.numeric(DU12) -1,
         Belief_strength_post = ifelse(is.na(DU14), as.numeric(DU15), as.numeric(DU14)),
         Decision_post = as.numeric(DU13),
         
         Eval_study_quali = as.numeric(DU16),
         
         Belief_diff = Belief_post_n - Belief_pre_n,
         Belief_strength_diff = Belief_strength_post - Belief_strength_pre,
         Decision_diff = Decision_post - Decision_pre,
         
         Belief_change = ifelse(Belief_post == Belief_pre, "no", "yes"),
         Belief_change_n = as.numeric(as.factor(Belief_change)) - 1,
         Prebelief_short = substr(Belief_pre, 1, 20)) |> 
  filter(!is.na(Gruppe))

Ergebnisse

Soziodemografie

Sex

table(data$DA01)

              weiblich               männlich                 divers 
                    65                     14                      2 
[NA] nicht beantwortet 
                     0 

Semester

table(data$DA06_01)

 1  2  3  4  6 
 1 71  1  4  4 

Beliefupdating

Graph

library(tidyverse)
library(hrbrthemes)
library(ggforce)
library(ggmosaic)
library(brms)
library(modelsummary)

data |> 
  ggplot(aes(Group, Belief_diff)) + 
  geom_jitter(height = 0) + 
  facet_wrap(~Prebelief_short)
data |> 
  filter(!is.na(Belief_pre_short) & !is.na(Belief_post_short)) |> 
  ggplot() + 
  geom_mosaic(aes(x = product(Belief_post_short, Belief_pre_short),
                  fill = Belief_post_short)) + 
  geom_mosaic_text(aes(x = product(Belief_post_short, Belief_pre_short), 
                       label = after_stat(.wt))) +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
  guides(fill = guide_legend(nrow = 3)) + 
  facet_wrap(~Group)

Model

mod01 <- brm(Belief_post_n ~ Belief_pre_n,
             family = bernoulli(),
             data = data)
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
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plot(mod01)
mod02 <- brm(abs(Belief_diff) ~ Group,
             family = bernoulli(),
             data = data)
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
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plot(mod02)
modelsummary(list(mod01 = mod01, mod02 = mod02), 
             statistic = 'conf.int',
             exponentiate = c(TRUE, TRUE))
Warning: 
`modelsummary` uses the `performance` package to extract goodness-of-fit
statistics from models of this class. You can specify the statistics you wish
to compute by supplying a `metrics` argument to `modelsummary`, which will then
push it forward to `performance`. Acceptable values are: "all", "common",
"none", or a character vector of metrics names. For example: `modelsummary(mod,
metrics = c("RMSE", "R2")` Note that some metrics are computationally
expensive. See `?performance::performance` for details.
 This warning appears once per session.
mod01  mod02
b_Intercept 0.073 0.023
[0.011, 0.277] [0.001, 0.108]
b_Belief_pre_n 199.494
[37.211, 1754.075]
b_GroupÜ_widrig 6.138
[0.900, 122.495]
Num.Obs. 81 81
R2 0.691 0.034
ELPD −23.8 −22.3
ELPD s.e. 6.9 6.6
LOOIC 47.7 44.5
LOOIC s.e. 13.7 13.2
WAIC 47.5 44.2
RMSE 0.26 0.26

Beliefstrength Updating

Graph

library(Hmisc)

Attaching package: 'Hmisc'
The following object is masked from 'package:modelsummary':

    Mean
The following objects are masked from 'package:dplyr':

    src, summarize
The following objects are masked from 'package:base':

    format.pval, units
data |> 
  ggplot(aes(Group, Belief_strength_diff)) + 
  stat_summary(fun.data=mean_sdl, fun.args = list(mult=1), 
                 geom="pointrange", color="#8cd000") +
  geom_jitter(height = 0)
Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_summary()`).
Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (`geom_point()`).
data |>  
  gather("Time", "Belief_strength", Belief_strength_pre, Belief_strength_post) |> 
  mutate(Time = factor(substr(Time, 17, 100), levels = c("pre", "post"))) |> 
  ggplot(aes(Time, Belief_strength)) + 
  stat_summary(
    aes(color = Prebelief_short),
    fun.data="mean_sdl",  fun.args = list(mult=1), 
    geom = "pointrange",  size = 0.4,
    position = position_dodge(0.17)
    ) +
  facet_wrap(~Group) +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
  guides(colour = guide_legend(nrow = 4))
Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_summary()`).

Model

mod03 <- brm(Belief_strength_diff ~ Group,
             family = gaussian(),
             data = data)
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 1.6e-05 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.16 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 1: 
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Chain 1: 
Chain 1:  Elapsed Time: 0.011 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 1:                0.011 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 1:                0.022 seconds (Total)
Chain 1: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 1e-06 seconds
Chain 2: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.01 seconds.
Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 2: 
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Chain 2: 
Chain 2:  Elapsed Time: 0.012 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 2:                0.011 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 2:                0.023 seconds (Total)
Chain 2: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Gradient evaluation took 1e-06 seconds
Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.01 seconds.
Chain 3: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 3: 
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Chain 3: 
Chain 3:  Elapsed Time: 0.012 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 3:                0.012 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 3:                0.024 seconds (Total)
Chain 3: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Gradient evaluation took 1e-06 seconds
Chain 4: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.01 seconds.
Chain 4: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Iteration:    1 / 2000 [  0%]  (Warmup)
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Chain 4: 
Chain 4:  Elapsed Time: 0.012 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 4:                0.009 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 4:                0.021 seconds (Total)
Chain 4: 
plot(mod03)
mod04 <- brm(
  Belief_strength ~ Time * Group + (1 | CASE),
  data = data |>
    gather(
      "Time",
      "Belief_strength",
      Belief_strength_pre,
      Belief_strength_post
    ) |>
    mutate(Time = factor(
      substr(Time, 17, 100), levels = c("pre", "post")
    )),
  family = gaussian()
)
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 6.2e-05 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.62 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: 
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Chain 1: 
Chain 1:  Elapsed Time: 0.167 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 1:                0.136 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 1:                0.303 seconds (Total)
Chain 1: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 1e-05 seconds
Chain 2: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.1 seconds.
Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 2: 
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Chain 2: 
Chain 2:  Elapsed Time: 0.177 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 2:                0.139 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 2:                0.316 seconds (Total)
Chain 2: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Gradient evaluation took 1e-05 seconds
Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.1 seconds.
Chain 3: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: 
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Chain 3: 
Chain 3:  Elapsed Time: 0.173 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 3:                0.136 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 3:                0.309 seconds (Total)
Chain 3: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Gradient evaluation took 8e-06 seconds
Chain 4: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.08 seconds.
Chain 4: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 4: 
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Chain 4: 
Chain 4:  Elapsed Time: 0.17 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 4:                0.138 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 4:                0.308 seconds (Total)
Chain 4: 
plot(mod04)  
mod05 <- brm(
  scale(Belief_strength) ~ Time * Group + (1 | CASE),
  data = data |>
    gather(
      "Time",
      "Belief_strength",
      Belief_strength_pre,
      Belief_strength_post
    ) |>
    mutate(Time = factor(
      substr(Time, 17, 100), levels = c("pre", "post")
    )),
  family = gaussian()
)
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 4.8e-05 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.48 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: 
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Chain 1: 
Chain 1:  Elapsed Time: 0.176 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 1:                0.139 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 1:                0.315 seconds (Total)
Chain 1: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 9e-06 seconds
Chain 2: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.09 seconds.
Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Iteration:    1 / 2000 [  0%]  (Warmup)
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Chain 2: 
Chain 2:  Elapsed Time: 0.176 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 2:                0.145 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 2:                0.321 seconds (Total)
Chain 2: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Gradient evaluation took 9e-06 seconds
Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.09 seconds.
Chain 3: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Iteration:    1 / 2000 [  0%]  (Warmup)
Chain 3: Iteration:  200 / 2000 [ 10%]  (Warmup)
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Chain 3: 
Chain 3:  Elapsed Time: 0.174 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 3:                0.141 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 3:                0.315 seconds (Total)
Chain 3: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Gradient evaluation took 9e-06 seconds
Chain 4: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.09 seconds.
Chain 4: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Iteration:    1 / 2000 [  0%]  (Warmup)
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Chain 4: 
Chain 4:  Elapsed Time: 0.171 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 4:                0.144 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 4:                0.315 seconds (Total)
Chain 4: 
plot(mod05)  
modelsummary(list(mod04 = mod04, 
                  mod05 = mod05), 
             statistic = 'conf.int')
 mod04  mod05
b_Intercept 3.415 −0.152
[3.154, 3.672] [−0.464, 0.143]
b_Timepost 0.269 0.325
[0.022, 0.514] [0.035, 0.626]
b_GroupÜ_widrig 0.257 0.298
[−0.106, 0.621] [−0.120, 0.728]
b_Timepost × GroupÜ_widrig −0.516 −0.618
[−0.856, −0.173] [−1.030, −0.201]
sigma 0.566 0.682
[0.489, 0.667] [0.589, 0.802]
sd_CASE__Intercept 0.614 0.734
[0.478, 0.771] [0.565, 0.911]
Num.Obs. 164 164
R2 0.552 0.549
R2 Adj. 0.323 0.304
R2 Marg. 0.035 0.034
ICC 0.5 0.5
ELPD −177.3 −209.2
ELPD s.e. 15.1 15.5
LOOIC 354.6 418.4
LOOIC s.e. 30.2 31.0
WAIC 342.8 405.1
RMSE 0.45 0.54
r2.adjusted.marginal -0.0952086502619001 -0.0898353389005213

Handlungstendenz-Updating

Graph

data |> 
  gather("Time", "Decision", Decision_pre, Decision_post) |> 
  mutate(Time = factor(substr(Time, 10, 100), levels = c("pre", "post"))) |> 
  ggplot(aes(Time, Decision)) + 
  stat_summary(
    aes(color = Prebelief_short),
    fun.data="mean_sdl",  fun.args = list(mult=1), 
    geom = "pointrange",  size = 0.4,
    position = position_dodge(0.17)
    ) +
  facet_wrap(~Group) +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
  guides(colour = guide_legend(nrow = 4))
Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_summary()`).

Model

mod06 <- brm(
  Decision ~ Time * Group + (1 | CASE),
  data = data |>
    gather("Time", "Decision", Decision_pre, Decision_post) |>
    mutate(Time = factor(
      substr(Time, 10, 100), levels = c("pre", "post")
    )),
  family = gaussian()
) 
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 4.7e-05 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.47 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 1: 
Chain 1:  Elapsed Time: 0.185 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 1:                0.143 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 1:                0.328 seconds (Total)
Chain 1: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 1e-05 seconds
Chain 2: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.1 seconds.
Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 2: 
Chain 2:  Elapsed Time: 0.186 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 2:                0.14 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 2:                0.326 seconds (Total)
Chain 2: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Gradient evaluation took 9e-06 seconds
Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.09 seconds.
Chain 3: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 3: 
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Chain 3: 
Chain 3:  Elapsed Time: 0.193 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 3:                0.14 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 3:                0.333 seconds (Total)
Chain 3: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Gradient evaluation took 8e-06 seconds
Chain 4: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.08 seconds.
Chain 4: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 4: 
plot(mod06)  
mod07 <- brm(
  scale(Decision) ~ Time * Group + (1 | CASE),
  data = data |>
    gather("Time", "Decision", Decision_pre, Decision_post) |>
    mutate(Time = factor(
      substr(Time, 10, 100), levels = c("pre", "post")
    )),
  family = gaussian()
) 
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 5e-05 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.5 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 1: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 1.2e-05 seconds
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Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 2: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Gradient evaluation took 1e-05 seconds
Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.1 seconds.
Chain 3: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 3: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Gradient evaluation took 1e-05 seconds
Chain 4: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.1 seconds.
Chain 4: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 4: 
plot(mod07)  
modelsummary(list(mod06 = mod06, 
                  mod07 = mod07), 
             statistic = 'conf.int')
 mod06  mod07
b_Intercept 4.589 −0.058
[4.080, 5.109] [−0.365, 0.255]
b_Timepost 0.268 0.161
[−0.040, 0.574] [−0.022, 0.343]
b_GroupÜ_widrig 0.015 −0.007
[−0.673, 0.726] [−0.425, 0.464]
b_Timepost × GroupÜ_widrig −0.116 −0.075
[−0.550, 0.310] [−0.336, 0.178]
sigma 0.705 0.421
[0.612, 0.841] [0.362, 0.497]
sd_CASE__Intercept 1.554 0.923
[1.315, 1.859] [0.777, 1.102]
Num.Obs. 164 164
R2 0.828 0.826
R2 Adj. 0.709 0.715
R2 Marg. 0.012 0.013
ICC 0.8 0.8
ELPD −225.1 −140.1
ELPD s.e. 12.4 12.3
LOOIC 450.2 280.2
LOOIC s.e. 24.8 24.6
WAIC 427.6 258.8
RMSE 0.51 0.30
r2.adjusted.marginal -0.332784600949485 -0.373327751261507

Evaluation Study Quality

Graph

data |> 
  ggplot(aes(Gruppe, Eval_study_quali)) +
  geom_violin() +
  geom_sina() +
  stat_summary(
    color = "#8cd000",
    fun.data="mean_sdl",  fun.args = list(mult=1), 
    geom = "pointrange",  size = 0.4,
    position = position_dodge(0.17)
    ) + 
  facet_wrap(~Belief_pre_short)
Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_ydensity()`).
Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_sina()`).
Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_summary()`).

Model

mod08 <- brm(Eval_study_quali ~ Group,
             data = data,
             family = gaussian())
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 1.6e-05 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.16 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
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Chain 1: 
Chain 1:  Elapsed Time: 0.012 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 1:                0.013 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 1:                0.025 seconds (Total)
Chain 1: 

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 1e-06 seconds
Chain 2: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 0.01 seconds.
Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 2: 
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 3).
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'anon_model' NOW (CHAIN 4).
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plot(mod08)  
mod09 <- brm(scale(Eval_study_quali) ~ Group,
             data = data,
             family = gaussian())
Warning: Rows containing NAs were excluded from the model.
Compiling Stan program...
Trying to compile a simple C file
Running /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/bin/R CMD SHLIB foo.c
clang -arch arm64 -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Resources/include" -DNDEBUG   -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/Rcpp/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/unsupported"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/BH/include" -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/src/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppParallel/include/"  -I"/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/rstan/include" -DEIGEN_NO_DEBUG  -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS  -DBOOST_PENDING_INTEGER_LOG2_HPP  -DSTAN_THREADS  -DUSE_STANC3 -DSTRICT_R_HEADERS  -DBOOST_PHOENIX_NO_VARIADIC_EXPRESSION  -DBOOST_NO_AUTO_PTR  -include '/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp'  -D_REENTRANT -DRCPP_PARALLEL_USE_TBB=1   -I/opt/R/arm64/include   -fPIC  -falign-functions=64 -Wall -g -O2  -c foo.c -o foo.o
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:88:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:1: error: unknown type name 'namespace'
namespace Eigen {
^
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/src/Core/util/Macros.h:628:16: error: expected ';' after top level declarator
namespace Eigen {
               ^
               ;
In file included from <built-in>:1:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/StanHeaders/include/stan/math/prim/fun/Eigen.hpp:22:
In file included from /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Dense:1:
/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2-arm64/Resources/library/RcppEigen/include/Eigen/Core:96:10: fatal error: 'complex' file not found
#include <complex>
         ^~~~~~~~~
3 errors generated.
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
Start sampling

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plot(mod09)  
modelsummary(list(mod08 = mod08,
                  mod09 = mod09),
             statistic = "conf.int")
 mod08  mod09
b_Intercept 3.680 0.454
[3.366, 3.990] [0.191, 0.728]
b_GroupÜ_widrig −1.031 −0.920
[−1.472, −0.606] [−1.315, −0.527]
sigma 1.002 0.899
[0.867, 1.177] [0.777, 1.059]
Num.Obs. 81 81
R2 0.216 0.215
R2 Adj. 0.192 0.194
ELPD −116.5 −107.6
ELPD s.e. 7.0 7.0
LOOIC 232.9 215.2
LOOIC s.e. 13.9 14.0
WAIC 232.9 215.2
RMSE 0.98 0.88